Table 1

Distributions of rubber dust, rubber fume and n-Nitrosamines measurements

	Rubber dust (mg/m³)				Rubber fumes (mg/m³)				n-Nitrosamines sum score (μg/m³)				NDMA* (μg/m³)				NMor† (μg/m³)
	N	AM	GM	GSD	N	AM	GM	GSD	N	AM	GM	GSD	N	AM	GM	GSD	N	AM	GM	GSD
Number of measurements	4157	1.84	0.58	4.6	3803	0.57	0.26	3.51	2023	7.87	0.56	1.41	2023	0.32	0.16	2.81	2025	0.27	0.16	2.70
Below LOD‡	11.3%				21.9%				NA				88.7%				85.7%
Sector
General rubber goods	1607	2.68	1.07	4.01	1987	0.76	0.39	3.29	787	14.82	1.06	1.73	795	0.29	0.16	2.72	793	0.29	0.16	2.82
Tyres	2550	1.31	0.40	4.42	1816	0.35	0.17	3.23	1236	3.44	0.24	1.04	1228	0.33	0.16	2.87	1232	0.25	0.16	2.62
P value	0.053				0.002				<0.001				0.012				0.128
Aggregated BRMA§ Departments
Crude materials and mixing	2005	2.62	0.41	4.93	1107	0.49	0.23	3.76	85	1.13	−0.06	0.54	86	0.20	0.15	2.86	86	0.28	0.16	2.92
Preprocessing and assembly	616	1.23	0.32	3.73	515	0.34	0.16	3.43	250	5.68	0.26	1.16	249	0.35	0.16	2.76	249	0.23	0.15	2.57
Curing, Vulcanising	930	0.74	0.33	4.07	1716	0.67	0.34	3.38	1371	9.77	0.72	1.53	1373	0.31	0.16	3.19	1379	0.26	0.16	2.65
Finishing, assembly and miscellaneous	606	1.56	0.41	4.17	465	0.6	0.26	3.28	317	3.18	0.23	0.97	315	0.33	0.16	2.35	311	0.32	0.17	2.98
P value	<0.001				0.006				0.392				0.074				0.057
Sample type
Personal	2416	2.53	1.00	3.95	2492	0.69	0.35	3.28	1099	10.43	0.57	1.57	1119	0.22	0.14	2.47	1114	0.21	0.14	2.43
Stationary	1741	0.87	0.28	4.09	1311	0.33	0.15	3.29	924	4.82	0.54	1.18	904	0.43	0.18	3.17	911	0.34	0.18	2.99
P value	<0.001				<0.001				0.388				<0.001				<0.001
Dataset
BRMA§	3799	1.76	0.55	4.61	2494	0.32	0.17	3.08
HSE-NEDB¶	358	2.71	1.15	3.84	3803	1.02	0.59	2.97
P value	0.434				0.008
Country
UK**	4157	1.84	0.58	4.6	3803	0.57	0.26	3.51	84	3.67	0.34	1.01	81	0.88	0.35	3.89	83	0.35	0.17	3.01
Germany	0				0				1939	8.05	0.57	1.42	1942	0.29	0.15	2.73	1942	0.26	0.16	2.69
P value	N/A				N/A				0.590				0.010				0.628

* N-nitrosodimethylamine.
†N-nitrosomorpholine.
‡Limit of detection.
§ British Rubber Manufacturing Association.
¶British Health and Safety Executive National Exposure Database.
**Only UK data were used for rubber fumes and rubber dust analyses.
AM, arithmetic mean; GM, geometric means; GSD, geometric standard deviation; LOD, limit of detection; NDMA, N-nitrosodimethylamine; NMor, N-nitrosomorpholine.